Abstract:This mixed-methods evaluation by RAND Europe examines the Armed Forces Covenant Fund Trust’s Ex‑Service Personnel in the Criminal Justice System Programme. Through document analysis, literature review, interviews with beneficiaries, professionals, project staff, and carers, and logic modelling, the study assesses how funded projects addressed ex-service needs, supported individuals across CJS stages, and promoted systemic change. Findings show strong alignment with beneficiary needs and referral efforts, but also highlight challenges in identifying veterans, data inconsistencies, and sustainability risks. The report offers actionable lessons and policy-relevant practices to enhance long-term impact