Abstract:Trauma and suffering, in one form or another, have been inherent to the human experience since time immemorial. Moral injury (MI) is a theoretical construct that seeks to capture the complex psychological symptoms arising from the traumatic violation of one’s moral or ethical code. Current research indicates that military service members and veterans receive even fewer benefits from existing trauma treatments and have even higher dropout rates when compared to civilians (Neria, 2021). It has been suggested that some clinical presentations of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) could be further complicated by the presence of MI, and the vast majority of well-researched PTSD treatments do not explicitly address MI. Therefore, this critical literature review examined the empirical status of psychological treatments for moral injury (MI) in the military population. Thirty-nine studies were analyzed in this review, the findings of which support the observation that trauma sequelae often fail to align neatly with the current conceptualization of trauma disorders as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), particularly when MI is present. As such, it could be that some sort of paradigm shift is needed within the mental health and trauma fields to better account for psychological symptoms related to MI. Additionally, psychological treatments for trauma must similarly be updated to reflect such a change, which will hopefully improve response and dropout rates. Emerging treatments for MI and suggestions for future research and clinical practice are discussed. This review closes with an extensive discourse regarding the rationale for shifting towards a transdiagnostic approach to conceptualizing mental illness.