Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To understand how traumatic brain injury (TBI) clinical severity and military factors were associated with the likelihood of receiving a TBI service-connected disability (SCD) determination and monthly total SCD compensation among Veterans. SETTING: Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA). PARTICIPANTS: 1 319 590 veterans with a VBA SCD rating who entered the VHA between October 1, 2000, and September 24, 2019. DESIGN: This retrospective study analyzed the association of TBI severity and military factors with a TBI SCD determination, TBI SCD rating percentage, and monthly total SCD compensation. Administrative VHA and VBA records were utilized. MAIN MEASURES: Any TBI SCD determination, TBI SCD rating percentage, and monthly SCD compensation. RESULTS: 93 911 (7.1%) Veterans had an SCD rating for TBI. TBI SCD increased monthly total compensation by $362 (95% CI 353, 370) in bivariate and $45 (95% CI 38, 52) in adjusted models. Females had lower TBI SCD percentage (-3.03; 95% CI -3.92, -2.14) but higher monthly compensation ($37; 95% CI 33, 42). TBI severity was associated with increasing TBI SCD percentage and monthly SCD compensation. In adjusted models, deployment (-2.36; 95% CI -3.02, -1.69) was associated with lower TBI SCD percentage but not monthly compensation, while combat exposure was not associated with TBI SCD percentage but was associated with higher compensation ($46; 95% CI 40, 53). CONCLUSION: TBI severity was significantly associated with TBI SCD determination and TBI SCD rating percentage, in addition to overall SCD compensation. Although deployment was significantly associated with TBI SCD determination, non-deployment was associated with higher TBI SCD percent ratings. These results may be explained by TBI occurring in non-deployment military settings, such as training. This highlights the need to study risk for TBI in the general military environment to ensure that all military-related TBI exposures are recognized and that any related disability is appropriately compensated.