Abstract: This article starts with a brief summary of military culture to set the stage for a discussion of what can be learned from papers that were presented and discussions that took place at a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) workshop on culture change. Several themes are considered, including how different identities and experiences can help researchers learn about the ways in which military policies and practices contribute to military culture(s) designed to achieve operational effectiveness but at the same time perpetuate challenges for many members. The discussion explores how military identity can contribute to resistance to change and why difficult, often uncomfortable conversations are an important part of change. Overall, the focus is on what people need to think about to build upon, and even replace, what is known and the important role of critical perspectives to generate new ways of thinking about military culture and culture change.