Abstract: Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the association between stress, mental health, and health-related social needs (HRSNs) among Veterans. Methods: A population-based cross-sectional analysis was conducted using the 2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) dataset. Weighted multivariable logistic regressions were used to identify the factors associated with Veteran stress and assess the relationship between stress and mental health outcomes, and HRSNs while adjusting for differences in population characteristics. Results: Veterans facing housing insecurity (AOR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.08–2.02), utility insecurity (AOR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.02–1.82), transportation insecurity (AOR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.02–1.96), and social isolation (AOR: 3.66, 95% CI: 3.21, 4.18) were more likely to report being stressed. Stressed Veterans were 10.5 times as likely to have reported 14 or more of the last 30 days where their mental health was ‘not good’ (95% CI: 10.13–10.92) and were 3.65 times as likely to report having ever been diagnosed with a depressive disorder (95% CI: 3.11–4.28). Conclusion: Stress was associated with higher rates of HRSN, lower perceived mental health status, and higher reported depressive diagnoses among Veterans. Understanding the factors contributing to stress for Veterans offers opportunities for public health interventions that have the potential to improve mental health outcomes and Veterans’ quality of life through the reduction of stress.