Abstract: This article discusses the development of boys and young men and mental health outcomes in the military. In the context of what remains a predominantly male and often traditionally masculine environment, the military affects the development of boys in a multitude of ways. For young men entering military service, the structure may offer a platform for significant personal growth, values-based living, and a strong sense of community. However, particularly in the setting of increased risk for history of childhood adversity in those entering active duty, military service may also precipitate or exacerbate mental health concerns. There are also unique aspects of the military population in relation to interpersonal relationships and family dynamics. Male dependents of active duty service members navigate unique challenges of parental deployments, relocations, and cultural implications of military life. It is important to be aware of these challenges and associated impacts on development and mental health outcomes among boys and young men in the military.