Abstract: This Viewpoint discusses improving US cancer surveillance systems to address veteran-specific risks and outcomes. Veterans shoulder a disproportionate cancer burden due to unique service-related exposures, higher prevalence of comorbid conditions, and distinct patterns of care access. Nearly 50 000 new cancer cases are recorded annually within the Veterans Health Administration, underscoring the scale of oncology care for this population. However, the nation’s cancer surveillance systems remain inadequate to address veteran-specific risks and outcomes.