Veterans and military-connected individuals in the civilian workforce: An integrative review and research agenda

Abstract: Purpose: This purpose of this study is to integratively review and synthesize six decades of research on military-connected individuals in the civilian workforce, framing them as a distinct class of workers shaped by military acculturation. The review identifies core themes, theoretical tensions and knowledge gaps across management and organizational studies. Design/methodology/approach: Using an integrative review methodology, the authors analyzed 78 studies from 36 journals, including conceptual, qualitative, quantitative and mixed-method research. Through thematic synthesis and conceptual mapping, the authors developed a framework anchored in human capital theory, with social identity theory and person–environment fit theory as boundary conditions. Findings: Military-connected individuals, including veterans, reservists, spouses and dependents, accumulate distinctive human capital through structured, mobile and value-laden environments. However, their transition into civilian work is often constrained by identity strain, organizational misalignment and inconsistent institutional support. When recognized and integrated, their human capital contributes meaningfully to organizations, entrepreneurship and strategic leadership, but remains unevenly applied across contexts. Research limitations/implications: This review consolidates a fragmented literature and reframes military-connected individuals as an underexamined workforce demographic. It offers a multi-theoretical framework for future research and identifies key gaps in conceptual clarity, population focus and methodological rigor. Practical implications: Organizations frequently underutilize the skills and experiences of military-connected individuals due to poor translation mechanisms, stereotypes and exclusionary practices. Broadening support efforts, refining job alignment tools and measuring outcomes beyond branding can improve retention, performance and inclusion. Originality/value: To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review to examine military-connected individuals as a distinct workforce demographic. It bridges siloed studies across HR, OB, strategy and management education, offering theoretical integration and a roadmap for advancing research and practice in this area.